Spelling is not or neither. VII

We often encounter the problem of merging and separate writing of particles " Not" And " neither"with other words. The easiest rule to understand and remember here is that:

1. The particle “not” is written together with all words that are not used without “not”(fable, unsociable, ignorant, absurd, dislike, be perplexed, impossible, really). In other cases, writing " Not» is subject to the following rules.

2. With verbs and gerunds, the particle “not” is always written separately, except:

• cases specified in the first rule;
• prefixes are under-in verbs that mean “insufficient action” (undernourished, undercooked, underripe).

Note. Not to be confused with verbs with the prefix do- and the particle " Not”, denoting “unfinished action” (not finishing a book, not finishing a movie).

3. With nouns the particle “not” is written together:

• if for a word with “not” you can find a synonym without this particle (untruth - lie, foe - enemy). Note: it is not always possible to find an exact synonym, but the affirmative connotation of the meaning of the word indicates a consistent spelling.
• when forming a word denoting persons, with the meaning of opposition (professionals - non-professionals, Russian - non-Russian);

apart:

• when there is or should be, in meaning, a contrast with the conjunction a (not a friend, but an enemy, not happiness, but grief);
• if a word with " Not" means not people (elephants are not elephants, a story is not a story, cold is not cold).

Note. Exceptions are words-terms that are written together: metals - non-metals.

4. With adjectives, the particle “not” is written together:

• if you can replace the adjective with " Not" is a synonym without this particle (unmarried - single, unfriendly - hostile, short - low). Note: it is not always possible to find an exact synonym, but the affirmative connotation of the meaning of the word indicates a consistent spelling.

apart:

• when there is or should be, in meaning, a contrast with the conjunction “a” (not bitter, but sweet; not affectionate, but rude);
• if the adjective is relative (the vase is not crystal, the chain is not silver) or qualitative, denoting color (the sea is not blue, the towel is not yellow);
• (not a shortcut at all, far from useless advice);
• if the particle " Not” is emphasized in an interrogative sentence (Isn’t this statement true? - Is this statement false?);
• if the adjective is written with a hyphen (not commercial and industrial enterprises).

Note 1. Short adjectives are written with " Not”, just like the complete ones from which they are produced (incurable disease - the disease is incurable, the person is not smart, but stupid - the person is not smart, but stupid);

Note 2. If a short adjective does not have a full form, then it will always be written separately with the particle " Not"(he is not happy to meet).

5. With adverbs, the particle “not” is written together:

• if the adverb ends in -o, and it can be replaced with a word similar in meaning (not happy - sad, not high - low);
• if the adverb is formed from a pronoun (nowhere, nowhere, no time, nowhere);

Apart:

• when there is or should be, in meaning, a contrast with the conjunction “a” (not bad, but good, not weak, but strong);
• when strengthening the negation with explanatory words such as “not at all”, “not at all”, “not at all”(not at all difficult to do, being nearby is far from accidental)
• with adverbs in a comparative degree (to work no worse than others, to receive no more than others);
• if the adverb is written with a hyphen (to act unfriendly, to dress unsuitably).

Note 1.“Not” with the following adverbs is written separately: not today, not at all, not like that, not otherwise, not quite, not here, not really.

Note 2."Not"

“is written separately with adverbial expressions: not good, not according to the gut, not in moderation, not in a hurry, not by hand, not to taste, not as an example.

6. With participles “not” is written together:

• if the participle is complete and there are no words dependent on it (undried laundry, an unturned book, an unwashed floor)

Note. With explanatory words denoting the degree of quality, “not” is written together with the participle: (an extremely rash decision, a completely inappropriate example, but: an example that is completely inappropriate to the rule)

apart:

• if the participle is complete and has dependent words (These works remained unpublished during the writer’s lifetime);
• with short participles (the debt is not paid, the fire is not lit);
• when there is or should be, in meaning, a contrast with the conjunction “a” (not printed, but handwritten text, not a fictional, but a real story).

7. The particles “not” and “nor” with negative pronouns are written together(there is no one to ask, there is nothing to be surprised at, no one is forgotten) with everyone else separately (not me, not everyone, neither me nor you).

8. The particle “ni” is also written together with some adverbs(not at all, not at all, nowhere, not at all).

With all other parts of speech, the particle “ni” is written separately.

VII. Spelling NOT and NOR

§ 88.Not written together:

1. In all cases where without a negative particle Not the word is not used, for example: ignorant, inevitable, unfortunate, indignant, unwell, unwell, lacking(meaning “not enough”), impossible, impossible, really, unbearable, unshakable, unharmed.

2. With nouns, if the negation gives the word a new, opposite meaning, for example: enemy, misfortune, if the negation gives a word that does not have this particle the meaning of opposition, negation, for example: non-specialist, non-Marxist, non-Russian eg: disagreements between Marxists and non-Marxists; everyone for non-specialists I liked the report; not Russian will look without love at this pale, bloody, whip-scarred muse (Nekrasov).

3. With full and short adjectives and with adverbs -o(s) , if their combination with Not does not serve to deny any concept, but to express a new, opposite concept, for example: unhealthy looking(i.e. painful), impossible character(i.e. heavy), sea restless(i.e. worried), matter unclean(i.e. suspicious), come immediately(i.e. immediately, immediately), entered not good(i.e. bad).

7. In a verb prefix under- , indicating non-compliance with the required standard, for example: underfulfill(perform below the required standard), overlook(not enough, bad look, miss something), lack of sleep(sleep less than normal).

Note. From verbs with a prefix under- it is necessary to distinguish between verbs with a prefix before- having a negative in front of them Not and denoting an action not completed, for example: don't finish reading book, don't finish your drink tea, don't finish watching play.

§ 89.Not written separately:

1. With verbs, including participial forms, for example: she doesn't drink, doesn't eat, doesn't speak; cannot help but see; without looking, without looking, slowly.

About continuous writing despite, despite and verbs with prefix under- see § 88, paragraphs 6 and 7.

Note. Commonly used verb forms numb, numb, numb are written together.

2. With participles: a) in a short form, for example: debt not paid, house not completed, coat not sewn; b) in full form, when the participle contains explanatory words (see § 88, paragraph 4), and also when the participle contains or implies opposition, for example: he brought unfinished work, but only individual sketches.

3. With nouns, adjectives and adverbs, if there is or is implied opposition, for example: no luck led us to success, and endurance and composure; not death terrible - your disfavor is terrible (Pushkin); morning has come not clear, but foggy; the train is coming not fast and not slow(implied: “at some average speed”); not tomorrow(there cannot but be a contrast here).

Note. You should pay attention to some cases of separate spelling of a particle Not . Particle Not written separately: a) if with an adjective, participle or adverb there is a pronoun starting with as an explanatory word neither , For example: no one (for nobody and so on.) an unnecessary thing, an error that never occurs, no one benefits from taking it on; b) if Not is part of intensifying negations far from, not at all, not at all, not at all, not at all etc., preceding a noun, adjective or adverb, for example: he is not our friend at all, far from our only desire, by no means a fair decision, not at all the best way out, far from enough.

4. With pronouns and pronominal adverbs, for example: not me, not this, not another, not like that, not otherwise, not like that.

About cases of continuous writing Not with pronouns and pronominal adverbs, see § 88, paragraph 5.

Note. Philosophical term not me written with a hyphen.

5. With intensifying adverbs, as well as with prepositions and conjunctions, for example: not very, not quite, not quite, not from..., not under..., not that... not that.

The expression is written separately not once, For example: Not once he accused himself of being overly cautious (Fadeev).

6. For unchangeable words that are not formed from adjectives and act as a predicate in a sentence, for example: don't mind, don't mind, don't be sorry.

7. For all words written with a hyphen, for example: all not commercial and industrial enterprises; said not in Russian; sing not the old way.

§ 90.Neither written together:

1. In pronouns, if the particle neither is not separated from the subsequent pronoun by a preposition, for example: no one, nothing, no one, nothing, no, no one's, no one's, But: no one, no one and so on.

2. In adverbs never, nowhere, nowhere, nowhere, no way, not at all, not at all, not at all, not at all and in the particle someday.

§ 91. In all other cases the particle neither written separately.

About using particles neither cm. § .

Note. It is necessary to distinguish between revolutions none other than..., none other than... from revolutions no one else...; nothing else... eg: it was none other than your brother, but: no one else could say this; It was nothing more than fire, but: nothing else could scare me.

It would be difficult for us to refuse anything if it were not for the negative particle. As one of the most commonly used functional parts of speech, it helps us express our attitude to a given situation. We’ll talk about its role in the Russian language, as well as its varieties, in our article.

Particles

All parts of speech are usually divided into two large groups. The first includes independent words. They have their own meaning and are the basis of our speech. However, it would be difficult for us to compose a text using only this group. Therefore, the so-called service particles come to their aid. These include the negative particle. However, this is not the only variety of this group.

There are also the following:

• Forming the form: let, would, come on.
• Interrogative: really, really, really.
• Exclamation marks: how, what.
• Requirement: then, ka, s.
• Doubt: whether.

Each of them has its own specific purpose and special role in the Russian language. It would be difficult to express emotions without using particles.

"Nor"

Difficulties often arise in writing negative particles. It turns out that “not” and “neither” have completely different meanings. Each of the rules has a historical basis.

We will write “neither”:

• When we want to strengthen the existing denial. Let's compare two sentences:

1. There were no fish in the lake. 2. We didn’t see a single fish in the lake.

In the second sentence the negation is stronger than in the first. The emphasis is placed on the fact that the fishermen did not observe any fish at all in the reservoir, absolutely none.

• In complex sentences. This particle is very often used in the dependent clause.

For example: Everywhere I went, I thought about the sea.

I can’t learn the rules, no matter how hard I try.

• When using homogeneous and enumerated members.

Neither mathematics, nor biology, nor physics were completed by Petya on time.

• There is no predicate. Very often you can substitute the words “impossible” or “no” to them.

For example: No fire, no smoke (no).

Neither lie down nor rest (impossible).

The main function that this negative particle conveys is reinforcement.

"Not"

This auxiliary part of speech has a slightly different meaning. Usually we use “not” when we want to refuse something or give the word an antonymous meaning. Let's consider other cases when “not” is a negative particle:

• A double “not” is pronounced when making a statement.

For example: I couldn’t help but say this. I understood that it was impossible not to confess.

• In some exclamatory sentences denoting surprise we also write “not”:

How can you not admire this city! What color did not the sky flicker during a thunderstorm?

It is worth distinguishing between the spellings of “not” and “neither” in pronouns. In this situation, everything depends on the stress. In a strong position we write “E”: no one, NOT with anyone, NOT with anyone. We use “I” without emphasis: Not at all, NOT from anyone, NOT about anyone.

and gerunds

It is not easy for schoolchildren to remember the spelling rules for a given particle with different groups of speech. Each of them has its own spelling features. How is the particle “Not” written with participles? The answer to this question is simple: always separate. We immediately recall its similar spelling with the verb. The participle is formed precisely from it. Hence the same principle of their writing. For example: not doing - not doing, not sunbathing - not sunbathing.

However, there are cases when a word without this important particle is simply not used. In this case, we will write it together. Let's look at an example: To be indignant about the rain - to shout, indignant about the rain. Both with a verb and with a similar gerund, the negative particle is written together.

This rule is most easily remembered by students, since there are very few exceptions to it.

Particle "not" with nouns

The rules for spelling words are not always simple. For example, noun, as well as adj. and adverbs have their own pattern of using them with the particle “not”.

We will write it together in the following cases:

• Forming an antonym with “not”. For example: friend - foe, weather - bad weather, handsome - ugly, few - a lot.
• Impossibility of using words without “not”: Clumsy, scoundrel, slob, violently.

“Not” is written separately if:

• There is a clear contrast. It is usually expressed by the conjunction “a”. For example: The man turned out to be not his friend, but his enemy. Not luck, but complete collapse and disappointment awaited us.
• Denial is emphasized: It was not my mother (but someone else) who called on the phone. We came not in the evening, but at night.
• There is a gain. For example: Our neighbor is not tall at all. My sister is by no means a sneak.

We have presented the main cases when the particle “not” with nouns is written both together and separately. Do not forget that adverbs with adjectives also fall under this rule. If you remember this important feature, then you won’t have to remember the spelling “not” for each part of speech separately.

"Not" with participles

Another case when a negative particle is written “not” rather than “neither” is when it is used with participles. Many people confuse its spelling with participles. These parts of speech are formed from verbs, but with “not” they are written completely differently.

Everyone knows that participles have the ability to form phrases using dependent words. In the case when it is used specifically as part of a phrase, we will write it separately from “not”. Example: A student who did not complete the exercise received a bad grade. As you can see, the participle “not completed” is written separately from “not”, since it has the dependent word “exercise”. In this case, it is included, which explains its spelling with a negative particle.

However, there is another side to this rule. In the case where there is no revolution, the participle changes its spelling. Let's look at an example: The exercise remains uncompleted.

It would seem that the meaning of the sentence has not changed. However, the syntax is completely different. Now the participle does not have any dependent words with it. This means that there is no reason to write it with the particle separately.

Let's change this example with just one word: The exercise remained uncompleted by the students. We note the difference: now a word has appeared that forms a participial phrase (by the disciples). In such a situation, we will write it separately from “not”.

Well, and, of course, as with every rule, there are exceptions. If the participle is not used without this particle, then we will write it together, regardless of whether there is a revolution or not. For example: The raging wind did not subside until dawn.

Conclusion

In this article, we looked at the main cases when “not” is a negative particle, and when it plays other roles. It should not be confused with “ni”: they have different spelling features. However, the main function of “not” is still negation. In some interrogative and exclamatory sentences we can use it as an affirmative. Also, do not forget that with each part of speech it is written differently.

Think about the meaning

Particle neither write:

1. In incentive and quantitative proposals: Neither step! Neither from place! Neither sound!

2. With relative pronouns in subordinate clauses: Where neither look, there are people everywhere. More examples: where neither..., Where neither..., Which neither..., When neither..., How neither... etc.

3. In sentences in which the verb is used with a negative particle Not : Neither drops Not I'm afraid. Not met neither one familiar face. She was silent Not having said neither words.(Value Gain)

4. In negative pronouns: neither Who , neither What , neither to whom , neither what´ , neither Which, neither whose and so on. If they are used with prepositions, they are written separately: neither from anyone, for nothing...

5. In revolutions: whatever neither it was, no matter what neither it was, wherever it went, from where neither take it, whatever it is neither it became that neither tell someone neither was and others like that.

6. In stable combinations: neither not a feather, neither alive neither dead neither during the day neither at night, neither end neither the edges ( There is no comma between words included in a stable combination: He was sitting neither alive neither dead!)

Attention

In pronouns neither in an unstressed position, and in a stressed position - Not.

Particle neither and repeated negative-joining conjunction no no…:

Neither to mother , nor She did not treat her father as warmly as her older brother. She couldn't read, nor write.
In sentences with a conjunction no no… There is always a negation before a verb: He did not think about money, or fame, or position in society.